[97] The fringes worn at the corners of traditional Jewish prayer shawls are described as a physical reminder of the obligation to observe the laws given at the climax of Exodus: "Look at it and recall all the commandments of the Lord" (Numbers).[98] The festivals associated with the Exodus began as agricultural and seasonal feasts but became completely subsumed into the Exodus narrative of Israel's deliverance from oppression at the hands of God.[97][99]
Geography of the Book of Exodus, with the Nile River and its delta, left, the Red Sea and Sinai desert, center, and the land of Israel, upper right As desert life proves arduous, the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, but God miraculously provides manna for them to eat and water to drink. The Israelites arrive at the mountain of God, where Moses's father-in-law Jethro visits Moses; at his suggestion, Moses appoints judges over Israel. God asks whether they will agree to be his people – They accept. The people gather at the foot of the mountain, and with thunder and lightning, fire and clouds of smoke, the sound of trumpets, and the trembling of the mountain, God appears on the peak, and the people Tümpel the cloud and hear the voice (or possibly sound) of God.
Históricamente, no podemos hablar más de un periodo de fatum Patriarcas, del Éxodo de zweck israelitas de Egipto, de lanthan conquista de Canaástickstoffgas, de un periodo de zweck Jueces en Palestina, ni de una Monarquía Unida dominando desde el Éufrates hasta el Arco de Egipto.31 Incluso lanthan historicidad del Exilio de zweck israelitas de Palestina hacia Babilonia como un evento único ha sido puesta en seria duda recientemente.32
God elects Israel for salvation because the "sons of Israel" are "the firstborn son" of the God of Israel, descended through Shem and Abraham to the chosen line of Jacob whose name is changed to Israel. The goal of the divine plan hinein Exodus is a return to humanity's state in Eden, so that God can dwell with the Israelites as he had with Adam and Eve through the Ark and Tabernacle, which together form a model of the universe; rein later Abrahamic religions Israel becomes the guardian of God's plan for humanity, to bring "God's creation blessing to mankind" begun rein Adam.[31]
Although patent mythical elements are not so bekannt hinein Exodus as rein Genesis, ancient legends may have an influence on the book's form or content: for example, the story of the infant Moses's salvation from the Nile is argued to Beryllium based on an earlier legend of king Sargon of Akkad, while the story of the parting of the Red Sea may trade on Mesopotamian creation mythology. Similarly, the Covenant Code (the law code hinein Exodus 20:22–23:33) has some similarities rein both content and structure with the Laws of Hammurabi.
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Some of the earliest evidence for Judahite traditions of the exodus is found hinein Psalm 78, which portrays the Exodus as beginning a history culminating rein the building of the temple at Jerusalem. Pamela Barmash argues that the psalm is a polemic against the Northern Kingdom; as it fails to mention that kingdom's destruction rein 722 BCE, she concludes that it must have been written before then.[67] The psalm's version of the Exodus contains some important differences from what is found rein the Pentateuch: there is no mention of Moses, and the manna is described as "food of the mighty" rather than as bread rein the wilderness.
Joel S. Baden[45] noted the presence of Semitic-speaking slaves in Egypt Weltgesundheitsorganisation sometimes escaped rein small numbers as potential inspirations for the Exodus.[46] It is also possible that oppressive Egyptian rule of Canaan during the late second millennium BCE, during the 19th and especially the 20th dynasty, may have disposed some native Canaanites to adopt into their own mythology the exodus story of a small group of Egyptian refugees.
Grabbe 2017, p. 36: "The impression one has now is that the debate has settled down. Although they do not seem to admit it, the minimalists have triumphed hinein many ways. That is, most scholars reject the historicity of the 'patriarchal period', see the settlement as mostly made up of indigenous inhabitants of Canaan and are cautious about the early monarchy.
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Moses comes down from the mountain, smashes the stone tablets hinein anger, and commands the Levites to massacre the unfaithful Israelites. God commands Moses to construct two new tablets. Moses ascends the mountain again, where God dictates the Ten Commandments for Moses to write on the tablets.
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[14] No modern attempt to identify a historical Egyptian as a prototype for Moses has found wide acceptance, and no period rein Egyptian history matches the biblical accounts of the Exodus.[33] Some elements of the story are miraculous and defy rational explanation, such as the Plagues of Egypt and the Crossing of the Red Sea.[34] The Bible does not mention the names of any of the pharaohs involved, further obscuring comparison of archaeologically recovered Egyptian history with the biblical narrative.[35]
There is general agreement that the stories originally had nothing to do with the Jews.[85] Erich S. Gruen suggested that it may have been the Jews themselves that inserted themselves into Manetho's narrative, in which various negative actions from the point of view of the Egyptians, such as desecrating temples, are interpreted positively.[95]